Management Administrative Theory - 1585 Words

115.108: MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION ASSIGNMENT 1 Mary Parker Follett has been described by Schermerhorn et al. as an Administrative Theorist within the Classical approach to management. However, others have seen her as ahead of her time, and have even described her as thoroughly modern . What were Mary Parker Follett s main contributions to management thought and practice; how do they relate to classical management theory and practice and how are they relevant to managers in contemporary organisations? Ever since the early of 20th century, management has been studied as a science due to its important role in influencing various factors of life: from economic, technological to political. Many scholars tried to give us the exact†¦show more content†¦For example, in a newspaper company, a sport journalist cannot write article about politics. â€Å"The leader must articulate the purpose of the organization and then create mechanism through which the various activities of those in the organization can be coordinate† (Danhart, 2011, p. 67). Mary Parker Follet first new look has an important influence and lead to her next theories in management, which now focus on power and leadership. Follet next enormous contribution to management is the term â€Å"communities† between managers and their workers. â€Å"Communities† is a very new and strange concept at her time. It means that instead of having a system of social dismemberment, the boss and his under workers now sit in the same table. As in her very famous essay â€Å"Power† in 1924, she had given the term â€Å"power-with† and â€Å"power-over†, which refer to the view of Taylorism and bureaucracy management. In both other theories, employees are seen as robots, leaders have a total control of their employees. That’s what â€Å"power-over† or â€Å"coercive† means. Workers have no right to speak up their opinions, at some point, they will lose their amenity towards the company’s benefits. This goes against the main function of â€Å"the best way to achieving organization goals† that classical approach in management has created from the beginnin g. With â€Å"power-with† or â€Å"coactive†, the distance between managers and their employees has been pullShow MoreRelatedTheories Of The Administrative Management Theory958 Words   |  4 PagesAccording tot the Administrative Management Theory, management is the process of getting certain tasks completed through the use of people. In this theory developed by Henri Fayol, he believes that it was very important to have the use of a multiplied of people instead of just relying on one person alone. Henri Fayol is known today as the â€Å"Father of Modern Management†, his theory has shaped what is know today as the Administrative Model, which relies on Fayols fourteen principles of management. These principlesRead MoreThe Theory Of The Administrative Management1772 Words   |  8 PagesThe administrative management viewpoint evolved early in the 1900s and is most closely identified with Henri Fayol (1841-1925), a French industrialist. Fayol’s work, â⠂¬Å"Administration industrielle et gà ©nà ©rale (1916)†, later translated into the 1949 â€Å"General and industrial administration†, is one of the first and most widely quoted analyses on management. As a result, Fayol influenced many writers, most notably Urwick. Although, there have been many theories supporting Fayol’s ideas, but there haveRead MoreEssay on Administrative Management Theory511 Words   |  3 Pages Our group project is on Henri Fayol’s â€Å"Administrative Management Theory†. As a group member I took on a task of researching his theory. Henri Fayol began his career as a junior Engineer in French Mining Company. His key work was â€Å"Administration Industrielle et Generale† which he published in 1916 ad later o pulished in Eglish I 1949. The administrative theory quot;emphasized management functions and attempted to generate broad administrative principles that would serve as guidelines for the rationalizationRead MoreHistorical Management Theories Of Thes X Y Theory And Fayols Administrative Theory1676 Words   |  7 PagesHistorical management theories There are several management theories that have been developed over the years. From Taylors Scientific Theory to McGregor’s XY theory and Fayol’s Administrative theory, the evolution of these theories has brought change and increased quality to management. New theories, trial and error and interaction have assisted managers with applying the correct theories to shape their organizational performance improving efficiencies and in many cases, the workplace environmentRead MoreManagement Foundations Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesManagement Foundations Esay The classical management perspective represents the first well-developed framework of management (Davidson. P. et al, 2000). It’s the framework from which later theories evolved and concerns efficiency and productivity, which in turn leads to effective and efficient management. Scientific management and the Administrative theory are both classical management theories, which provide information on managing in the workplace, which are very useful and vital to have inRead MoreThe Classical Theory Of Management Theory1588 Words   |  7 PagesClassical Management theory entered the business world in the early nineteenth century, with a goal on increasing worker productivity. Developed by Frederick Taylor, the classical theory of management advocated a scientific study of jobs and the workers in charge for them. It was the foundation of modern management theories and it aimed to improve operations within an organization. (Robbins Cutler, 2014). The Classical Management Theory wa s broken into three categories: Scientific Management, whichRead MoreThe Theories Of The Scientific Management Theory1047 Words   |  5 PagesManagement, as defined by Richard Wilson, is the body of thought that seeks to explain and improve the administrative control of businesses and their employees (2016). In this paper we will discuss some of the more popular management theories including the Scientific Management Theory by Frederick W. Taylor, Administrative Management Theory by Henri Fayol, Bureaucratic Management Theory by Max Weber, The Hawthorne Studies Human Relations Management Theory by Elton Mayo, the Management Science TheoryRead MoreA Review On Organisational Theories1677 Words   |  7 PagesBUS 5113 - Assignment Unit 1 - A review of organisational theories A review of organisational theories Craig Morley University of the People A review of organisational theories 1 In Chapter 2 of the Organizational Theory text we reviewed four theoretical contributions which are central to the understanding of today s Organizations. Offer a brief analysis of all four theoretical concepts and then pick the one you the feel is the most influential from both historical and managerial perspectives. ExplainRead MoreClassical Management Theory And The Classical Theory1503 Words   |  7 PagesClassical Management Theory entered the business world in the early nineteenth century, with an emphasis on increasing worker productivity. Developed by Frederick Taylor, the classical theory of management advocated a scientific study of tasks and the workers responsible for them. It was the foundation of many modern management theories and it aimed to improve operations within an organization. The Classical Management Theory was broken into three schools of thinking: Scientific management, which lookedRead MoreTheoretical Perspective And Key Concepts1657 Words   |  7 PagesThis portion of the paper will explore the theoretical perspective and key concepts first the classical organization theory, authored by Courtney Howard, followed by the theoretical perspective and key concepts of the ecological systems theory authored by Gretchen Rydin. As we have read in previous chapters of our text an organization can be defined as â€Å"social entities that are goal directed as deliberately structured and coordinated activity systems and are linked to the external environment† (Kirst-Ashman

Stratification By Definition Is The Categorization Of...

Stratification by definition is the categorization of people into socio-economic strata based upon their annual income and occupation. As stated in the textbook â€Å"Sociology; The Canadian Perspective† both income and occupation strongly correlate; as a lawyer and drug dealer might share similar levels of monetary success; the lawyer would be higher on the strata due to the legitimacy of his career. For people on the lower end of the strata, the â€Å"Lower class† and â€Å"Working Class† it becomes increasingly difficult to climb up to the higher classes. In most cases, we see people of color, especially those who grow up on the â€Å"lower end† of the strata have a harder time achieving success in today’s society. It poses the question of whether or not†¦show more content†¦A 2011 study showed that a combined 81. 5% of gang members were Hispanic or African-American . Although the juvenile delinquency rate for people of color have decre ased over the years, the number of African-American students that graduate college still stands at a low 42% . The number for those graduating high school on time is at around 59%. The lack of education makes it extremely difficult for them to escape their poor neighborhood upbringing. This reaffirms the theory of environmental determinism, which states that often times one’s surroundings will shape a person. An article from the New York Times analyzes a study from Sean Reardon (professor at Stanford) who conducted research about black people and low income neighborhoods. Reardon found that even if a black families’ annual income is in the $100,000 range, they are living in neighborhoods with median annual income of $54,400. The study found that white and Asian American families typically live in neighborhoods where the median salary is close to that of their own. To put in perspective, middle-class black families are living in neighborhoods with lower income than the typical low-income white family. The reason that these numbers are concerning is because it proves that even when people of color achieveShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagessocioeconomic circumstances and dynamics rather than standard but arbitrary chronological break points. In the decades that followed the Great War, the victorious European powers appeared to have restored, even expanded, their global political and economic preeminence only to see it eclipsed by the emergence of the Soviet and U.S. superpowers on their periphery and a second round of even more devastating global conflict. The bifurcated international system that resulted from the cold war standoff

ESPN Free Essays

Company Culture and Environment When employees arrive to work at their Bristol, Connecticut Headquarters, they are greeted only by a small, unassuming sign that says, â€Å"Welcome to ESPN. † In a calculated and understated way, this sign is representative of the culture that pervades throughout the organization. Simply stated, ESPN, the company is about the fans and the sports, not ESPN. We will write a custom essay sample on ESPN or any similar topic only for you Order Now This statement offers a preview of sorts to a culture at ESPN that truly goes the extra mile in emphasizing customer satisfaction by offering its programming thru state-of the art program offerings thru multiple channels. A brand promise sums up the essence and meaning of a brand and how the brand connects to its consumers. ESPN’s promise of delivering â€Å"Sports, with Authority and Personality,† clearly outlines what they do, how they do it and what differentiates them from their competition. With respect to Sports, ESPN connects to its fans through many platforms, including multiple television and radio programs, internet applications including television online, restaurants, and numerous mobile applications. In doing so ESPN strives to consistently deliver unmatched quality that is strengthened by leadership and innovation. As an Authority in sports programming, ESPN emphasizes integrity, authenticity and expertise that is unparalleled in the industry. Regarding Personality, ESPN emphasizes throughout its organization, the effective use of humor, passion and community by expressing their affinity for its fans regardless of origin. While the brand promise of ESPN is certainly evident throughout all of its programming through all of its delivery channels, it is its hiring practices that appear to give the most obvious credence to the company living up to this promise. From its inception ESPN maintained a policy of hiring employees that were/are first and foremost sports fanatics. ESPN saw sees this as a critical factor in having its employees display the level of enthusiasm and knowledge that it wanted to promote and display its brand promise. They also see this as an equalizer of sorts whereby everyone who views ESPN, regardless of race, color education could relate with one another. Anthony Smith, a management consultant who has worked with ESPN for over 20 years and author of ESPN; The Company, sums up the environment and culture at ESPN best when he wrote; â€Å"I can think of few other companies that do as good a job of creating an atmosphere of fun and excitement for its people and its customers – maybe Southwest Airlines in the airline industry, Starbucks in the consumer goods space, or Apple and Google in high-tech. But it’s hard to surpass ESPN. † (Smith, P. xxiii, ESPN; The Company. ) This information, combined with information gathered through direct conversations with ESPN Marketing employees would strongly indicate that ESPN has done an outstanding job of entrenching its brand promise both internally amongst its work-force and externally through its broadly scoped programming. From an internal branding perspective ESPN appears to have achieved what all companies strive for; to entrench its vision and culture that pervades throughout everything it does. How to cite ESPN, Papers Espn Free Essays string(109) " the most listened to online sports destination, boasting live streaming and 32 original podcasts each week\." COMPANY Case ESPN: The Evolution of an Entertainment Brand In the 2004 movie Anchorman character Ron Burgundy ( Will Ferrell) auditions for a position on SportsCenter with the very new and lit-tle known network, ESPN ( Entertainment and Sports Programming Network). The year was 1979. After pronouncing the name of the network â€Å" Espen,† he then is shocked to find out that ESPN is a round- the- clock sports network. We will write a custom essay sample on Espn or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through his laughter, he asserts that the concept is as ridiculous as a 24- hour cooking network or an all- music channel. â€Å" Seriously,† he shouts. This thing is going to be a financial and cultural disaster. SportsCenter . . . that’s just dumb! † While this comical sketch is fictitious, when a young college graduate named George Bodenheimer took a job in the mailroom at ESPN it 1981, it was for real. Today, Mr. Bodenheimer is president of the network that has become one of the biggest franchises in sports, not to mention one of the most successful and envied brands in the entertainment world. As a cable network, ESPN commands $ 2. 91 from cable operators for each subscriber every month. Compare that to $ 1. 7 for Fox Sports, 89 cents for TNT, and only 40 cents for CNN. The core ESPN channel alone is currently in more than 96 million homes. With that kind of premium power, it’s no wonder that ESPN shocked the world in 2006 by becoming the first cable network to land the coveted TV contract for Monday Night Football, which went on to become the highest rated cable series ever. But even with its three sibling channels ( ESPN2, ESPNEWS, and ESPN Classic), the ESPN cable network is only one piece of a bigger brand puzzle that has become Bodenheimer’s $ 6 billion sports empire. Through very savvy strategic planning, Bodenheimer is realizing his vision of taking quality sports content across the widest possible collection of media assets to reach sports fans wherever they may be. Employing a hands- off management style, Bodenheimer has cultivated a brand that is brash, tech savvy, cre-ative, and innovative. He tells employees that ESPN belongs to all of them. He gives them the freedom to come up with their own ideas and push them forward. His only rule is that every new ideaand push them forward. His only rule is that every new idea must focus on fulfilling ESPN’s mission of reaching sports fans and making them happy. In the process, ESPN has become as recog-nized and revered by its customers as other megabrands such as Tide, Nike, and Coca- Cola are to theirs. Bodenheimer’s career- spanning dedication has grown ESPN to well over 50 businesses. The all- sports network has become a truly multiplatform brand, a rarity for any TV network. This growth has given ESPN tremendous reach. ESPN. com alone reaches 22. 4 million viewers a week. But even more stunning is the fact that during any seven- day period, 120 million people ages 12 to 64 interact with some ESPN medium. Here’s a rundown of ESPN’s portfolio of brands: Television: ESPN has sprawled into six cable channels and other TV divisions that give it both a local ( ESPN Regional Television) and global ( ESPN International and ESPN Deportes) presence. It was one of the first networks to break new ground in HDTV with simulcast service for ESPN and ESPN2 and it still maintains the most HD programming content and highest level of HD viewership in sports. Cable operators and viewers alike consistently rank ESPN, ESPN2 and ESPN Classic above all other channels with respect to perceived value and programming quality. But perhaps one of the most innovative moves in all of tel-evision sports occurred in 2003, when ESPN content was inte-grated into its sibling network ABC. ESPN on ABC is now the home for the NBA Finals, NASCAR, NCAA football, NCAA bas-ketball, World Cup Soccer, British Open, and the IndyCar Series. Although ESPN has numerous cable channel brands, one program stands out as a brand in its own right. SportsCenter was ESPN’s first program. And with as many as 93 million view-ers each month, it remains the network’s flagship studio show. SportsCenter is the only nightly, full- hour sports news program. And whereas, in the past, ESPN has rebroadcast taped episodes of SportsCenter during the day, a new schedule incorporating nine straight hours of live SportsCenter everyday from 6 a. m. to 3 p. m. will begin in the fall of 2008. Outside the United States, ESPN airs 14 local versions of SportsCenter broadcast in eight languages. Radio: Whereas many radio formats are suffering, sports radio is thriving. And ESPN Radio is the nation’s largest sports radio network with 750 U. S. affiliates and more than 335 full- time stations. In addition to college and major league sports events, the network broadcasts syndicated sports talk shows, providing more than 9,000 hours of content annually. Publishing: ESPN The Magazine launched in 1998 and immedi-ately began carving out market share with its bold look, bright col-ors, and unconventional type, a combination consistent with its content. With the dominance of Sports Illustrated, many didn’t give ESPN’s magazine enture much of a chance. Within its first year, ESPN The Magazine was circulating 800,000 copies. Today, that number has ballooned two- and- a- half times to 2 million, whereas Sports Illustrated has remained at a stagnant 3. 3 million. At the same time, ESPN is making headway into one of the oldest of all media: books. Although ESPN Books is still waiting for a megaseller, because of the cross- marketing opportun ities with the other arms of ESPN, this small division has consider-able marketing clout in a struggling industry. If they didn’t have the TV stuff and everything else, they’d be as hard-pressed as other publishers to make these books into major events,† said Rick Wolff, executive editor at Warner Books. Internet: ESPN. com is the leading sports Web site, and ESPNRadio. com is the most listened to online sports destination, boasting live streaming and 32 original podcasts each week. You read "Espn" in category "Papers" But the rising star in ESPN’s online portfolio is ESPN360. com, a subscription- based broadband offering that delivers high-quality, customized, on- demand video content. Not only can fans access content carried on ESPN’s other networks, but they also get exclusive content and sports video games. For the true sports fan, there’s nothing like it— it allows viewers to watch up to six different events at the same time choosing from live events for all major professional and college sports. Since ESPN360. com began service in 2006, this broadband effort has doubled its distribution and now reaches 20 million homes. Beyond working through its own Web sites, ESPN is exploring the limits of the Internet through an open distribu-tion venture with AOL. By providing ESPN content via a branded ESPN video player in AOL’s portal, viewers have more access to ESPN’s content. But advertisers also benefit from a larger online audience than ever before. Mobile: In 2005, ESPN ventured in to one of its trickiest and riskiest brand extensions to date. Mobile ESPN was designed as ESPN’s own cell phone network, putting content into sports fans’ pockets 24/ 7. But after a year, the venture was far from breaking even and ESPN shut it down. However, even though Mobile ESPN is down, it’s not out. ESPN has capitalized on the lessons learned and started over with a different strategy. Today, ESPN provides real- time scores, stats, news, highlights, and even programming through every major U. S. carrier, with premium content available through Verizon Wireless and Qualcomm. Mobile ESPN also reaches an international audience of mobile customers through more than 35 international carriers. ESPN’s mission with its mobile venture is to â€Å" serve the sports fan any time, anywhere, and from any device. In fall 2007, it reached a major milestone in that goal when more people sought NFL content from its mobile- phone Web site than from its PC Web site. â€Å" We’re having extraordinary growth on ESPN. com’s NFL pages, but we’re also seeing extraordinary usage with mobile devices as well,† said Ed Erhardt, president of ESPN Sports customer marketing and sales. Mr. Erhardt sees great potential in mobile, saying that it is â€Å" a big part of the fut ure as it relates to how fans are going to consume sports. Bodehnheimer and his team see no limit to how far they can take the ESPN brand. In addition to the above ventures, ESPN extends its reach through event management ( X Games, Winter X Games, ESPN Outdoors Bass), consumer products ( CDs, DVDs, ESPN Video Games, ESPN Golf Schools), and even a chain of ESPN Zone restaurants and SportsCenter Studio stores. ESPN content is now reaching viewers through agencies that place it in airports and on planes, in health clubs, and even in gas stations. â€Å" Now you’re not going to be bored when you fill up your tank. It gives new meaning to pulling into a full- service station,† says Bodenheimer. â€Å" I’ve been on flights where people are watching our content and don’t want to get off the flight. † A powerful media brand results not only in direct revenues from selling products but also in advertising revenues. Advertising accounts for about 40 percent of ESPN’s overall revenues. With so many ways to reach the customer, ESPN offers very creative and flexible package deals for any marketer trying to reach the cov-eted and illusive 18– 34 year old male demographic. Nobody attracts more men than we do,† asserts Bodenheimer. â€Å" We’ve got a product and we know how to cater to advertisers’ needs. The merchandising opportunities we provide, whether it’s work-ing with Home Depot, Wal- Mart, or Dick’s Sporting Goods, we want to partner if you want young men. † As amazing as the ESPN brand portfolio is, it is even more amazing when you consider that it is part of the mammoth ABC portfolio, which in turn is a part of The Walt Disney Company portfolio. However, it is no small piece of the Disney pie. ESPN revenues alone accounted for about 18 percent of Disney’s total in 2007. Since obtaining ESPN as part of the 1995 ABC acquisi-tion, because ESPN has delivered on the numbers, Disney has allowed ESPN to do pretty much whatever it wants to do. Just a few years after the acquisition, Disney’s then- CEO Michael Eisner told investors, â€Å" We bought ABC media network and ESPN for $ 19 billion in 1995. ESPN is worth substantially more than we paid for the entire acquisition. And Disney leverages that value every way that it can, from Mouse House advertising package deals to conditionally attaching its cable channels to the ESPN networks through cable operators. Questions for Discussion 1. In a succinct manner, describe what the ESPN brand means to consumers. 2. What is ESPN selling? Discuss this in terms of the core bene-fit, actual product, and augmented product levels of ESPN. 3. Does ESPN have strong brand equity? Ho w does its brand equity relate to its brand value? . Cite as many examples as you can of co- branding efforts involving the ESPN brand. For each of these cases, what are the benefits and possible risks to ESPN? 5. Analyze EPSN according to the brand development strategies from the text. What have they done in the past? What would you recommend to ESPN for future brand development? Sources: Alice Cuneo, â€Å" More Football Fans Hit ESPN’s Mobile Site Than Its PC Pages,† Advertising Age, January 7, 2008, p. 7; Mike Shields, â€Å" ESPN, AOL Strike Web Video Deal,† Brandweek, April 8, 2008, accessed online at www. brandweek. com; Andrew Hampp, â€Å" ESPN Makes Jump to Major League,† Advertising Age, May 14, 2007, p. 32; Ronald Grover, â€Å" Comcast’s C- TV: Channeling Disney,† BusinessWeek. com, December 1, 2006; Jeffrey Trachtenberg, â€Å" ESPN’s Next Hurdle: Selling Its Audience on Books,† Wall Street Journal, February 13, 2 007; Jason Brown, â€Å" Out- of- Home TV Ads Finally Coming of Age,† Television Week, January 28, 2008, p. 12; also see www. espnmediazone. com. How to cite Espn, Papers Espn Free Essays string(109) " the most listened to online sports destination, boasting live streaming and 32 original podcasts each week\." COMPANY Case ESPN: The Evolution of an Entertainment Brand In the 2004 movie Anchorman character Ron Burgundy ( Will Ferrell) auditions for a position on SportsCenter with the very new and lit-tle known network, ESPN ( Entertainment and Sports Programming Network). The year was 1979. After pronouncing the name of the network â€Å" Espen,† he then is shocked to find out that ESPN is a round- the- clock sports network. We will write a custom essay sample on Espn or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through his laughter, he asserts that the concept is as ridiculous as a 24- hour cooking network or an all- music channel. â€Å" Seriously,† he shouts. This thing is going to be a financial and cultural disaster. SportsCenter . . . that’s just dumb! † While this comical sketch is fictitious, when a young college graduate named George Bodenheimer took a job in the mailroom at ESPN it 1981, it was for real. Today, Mr. Bodenheimer is president of the network that has become one of the biggest franchises in sports, not to mention one of the most successful and envied brands in the entertainment world. As a cable network, ESPN commands $ 2. 91 from cable operators for each subscriber every month. Compare that to $ 1. 7 for Fox Sports, 89 cents for TNT, and only 40 cents for CNN. The core ESPN channel alone is currently in more than 96 million homes. With that kind of premium power, it’s no wonder that ESPN shocked the world in 2006 by becoming the first cable network to land the coveted TV contract for Monday Night Football, which went on to become the highest rated cable series ever. But even with its three sibling channels ( ESPN2, ESPNEWS, and ESPN Classic), the ESPN cable network is only one piece of a bigger brand puzzle that has become Bodenheimer’s $ 6 billion sports empire. Through very savvy strategic planning, Bodenheimer is realizing his vision of taking quality sports content across the widest possible collection of media assets to reach sports fans wherever they may be. Employing a hands- off management style, Bodenheimer has cultivated a brand that is brash, tech savvy, cre-ative, and innovative. He tells employees that ESPN belongs to all of them. He gives them the freedom to come up with their own ideas and push them forward. His only rule is that every new ideaand push them forward. His only rule is that every new idea must focus on fulfilling ESPN’s mission of reaching sports fans and making them happy. In the process, ESPN has become as recog-nized and revered by its customers as other megabrands such as Tide, Nike, and Coca- Cola are to theirs. Bodenheimer’s career- spanning dedication has grown ESPN to well over 50 businesses. The all- sports network has become a truly multiplatform brand, a rarity for any TV network. This growth has given ESPN tremendous reach. ESPN. com alone reaches 22. 4 million viewers a week. But even more stunning is the fact that during any seven- day period, 120 million people ages 12 to 64 interact with some ESPN medium. Here’s a rundown of ESPN’s portfolio of brands: Television: ESPN has sprawled into six cable channels and other TV divisions that give it both a local ( ESPN Regional Television) and global ( ESPN International and ESPN Deportes) presence. It was one of the first networks to break new ground in HDTV with simulcast service for ESPN and ESPN2 and it still maintains the most HD programming content and highest level of HD viewership in sports. Cable operators and viewers alike consistently rank ESPN, ESPN2 and ESPN Classic above all other channels with respect to perceived value and programming quality. But perhaps one of the most innovative moves in all of tel-evision sports occurred in 2003, when ESPN content was inte-grated into its sibling network ABC. ESPN on ABC is now the home for the NBA Finals, NASCAR, NCAA football, NCAA bas-ketball, World Cup Soccer, British Open, and the IndyCar Series. Although ESPN has numerous cable channel brands, one program stands out as a brand in its own right. SportsCenter was ESPN’s first program. And with as many as 93 million view-ers each month, it remains the network’s flagship studio show. SportsCenter is the only nightly, full- hour sports news program. And whereas, in the past, ESPN has rebroadcast taped episodes of SportsCenter during the day, a new schedule incorporating nine straight hours of live SportsCenter everyday from 6 a. m. to 3 p. m. will begin in the fall of 2008. Outside the United States, ESPN airs 14 local versions of SportsCenter broadcast in eight languages. Radio: Whereas many radio formats are suffering, sports radio is thriving. And ESPN Radio is the nation’s largest sports radio network with 750 U. S. affiliates and more than 335 full- time stations. In addition to college and major league sports events, the network broadcasts syndicated sports talk shows, providing more than 9,000 hours of content annually. Publishing: ESPN The Magazine launched in 1998 and immedi-ately began carving out market share with its bold look, bright col-ors, and unconventional type, a combination consistent with its content. With the dominance of Sports Illustrated, many didn’t give ESPN’s magazine enture much of a chance. Within its first year, ESPN The Magazine was circulating 800,000 copies. Today, that number has ballooned two- and- a- half times to 2 million, whereas Sports Illustrated has remained at a stagnant 3. 3 million. At the same time, ESPN is making headway into one of the oldest of all media: books. Although ESPN Books is still waiting for a megaseller, because of the cross- marketing opportun ities with the other arms of ESPN, this small division has consider-able marketing clout in a struggling industry. If they didn’t have the TV stuff and everything else, they’d be as hard-pressed as other publishers to make these books into major events,† said Rick Wolff, executive editor at Warner Books. Internet: ESPN. com is the leading sports Web site, and ESPNRadio. com is the most listened to online sports destination, boasting live streaming and 32 original podcasts each week. You read "Espn" in category "Essay examples" But the rising star in ESPN’s online portfolio is ESPN360. com, a subscription- based broadband offering that delivers high-quality, customized, on- demand video content. Not only can fans access content carried on ESPN’s other networks, but they also get exclusive content and sports video games. For the true sports fan, there’s nothing like it— it allows viewers to watch up to six different events at the same time choosing from live events for all major professional and college sports. Since ESPN360. com began service in 2006, this broadband effort has doubled its distribution and now reaches 20 million homes. Beyond working through its own Web sites, ESPN is exploring the limits of the Internet through an open distribu-tion venture with AOL. By providing ESPN content via a branded ESPN video player in AOL’s portal, viewers have more access to ESPN’s content. But advertisers also benefit from a larger online audience than ever before. Mobile: In 2005, ESPN ventured in to one of its trickiest and riskiest brand extensions to date. Mobile ESPN was designed as ESPN’s own cell phone network, putting content into sports fans’ pockets 24/ 7. But after a year, the venture was far from breaking even and ESPN shut it down. However, even though Mobile ESPN is down, it’s not out. ESPN has capitalized on the lessons learned and started over with a different strategy. Today, ESPN provides real- time scores, stats, news, highlights, and even programming through every major U. S. carrier, with premium content available through Verizon Wireless and Qualcomm. Mobile ESPN also reaches an international audience of mobile customers through more than 35 international carriers. ESPN’s mission with its mobile venture is to â€Å" serve the sports fan any time, anywhere, and from any device. In fall 2007, it reached a major milestone in that goal when more people sought NFL content from its mobile- phone Web site than from its PC Web site. â€Å" We’re having extraordinary growth on ESPN. com’s NFL pages, but we’re also seeing extraordinary usage with mobile devices as well,† said Ed Erhardt, president of ESPN Sports customer marketing and sales. Mr. Erhardt sees great potential in mobile, saying that it is â€Å" a big part of the fut ure as it relates to how fans are going to consume sports. Bodehnheimer and his team see no limit to how far they can take the ESPN brand. In addition to the above ventures, ESPN extends its reach through event management ( X Games, Winter X Games, ESPN Outdoors Bass), consumer products ( CDs, DVDs, ESPN Video Games, ESPN Golf Schools), and even a chain of ESPN Zone restaurants and SportsCenter Studio stores. ESPN content is now reaching viewers through agencies that place it in airports and on planes, in health clubs, and even in gas stations. â€Å" Now you’re not going to be bored when you fill up your tank. It gives new meaning to pulling into a full- service station,† says Bodenheimer. â€Å" I’ve been on flights where people are watching our content and don’t want to get off the flight. † A powerful media brand results not only in direct revenues from selling products but also in advertising revenues. Advertising accounts for about 40 percent of ESPN’s overall revenues. With so many ways to reach the customer, ESPN offers very creative and flexible package deals for any marketer trying to reach the cov-eted and illusive 18– 34 year old male demographic. Nobody attracts more men than we do,† asserts Bodenheimer. â€Å" We’ve got a product and we know how to cater to advertisers’ needs. The merchandising opportunities we provide, whether it’s work-ing with Home Depot, Wal- Mart, or Dick’s Sporting Goods, we want to partner if you want young men. † As amazing as the ESPN brand portfolio is, it is even more amazing when you consider that it is part of the mammoth ABC portfolio, which in turn is a part of The Walt Disney Company portfolio. However, it is no small piece of the Disney pie. ESPN revenues alone accounted for about 18 percent of Disney’s total in 2007. Since obtaining ESPN as part of the 1995 ABC acquisi-tion, because ESPN has delivered on the numbers, Disney has allowed ESPN to do pretty much whatever it wants to do. Just a few years after the acquisition, Disney’s then- CEO Michael Eisner told investors, â€Å" We bought ABC media network and ESPN for $ 19 billion in 1995. ESPN is worth substantially more than we paid for the entire acquisition. And Disney leverages that value every way that it can, from Mouse House advertising package deals to conditionally attaching its cable channels to the ESPN networks through cable operators. Questions for Discussion 1. In a succinct manner, describe what the ESPN brand means to consumers. 2. What is ESPN selling? Discuss this in terms of the core bene-fit, actual product, and augmented product levels of ESPN. 3. Does ESPN have strong brand equity? Ho w does its brand equity relate to its brand value? . Cite as many examples as you can of co- branding efforts involving the ESPN brand. For each of these cases, what are the benefits and possible risks to ESPN? 5. Analyze EPSN according to the brand development strategies from the text. What have they done in the past? What would you recommend to ESPN for future brand development? Sources: Alice Cuneo, â€Å" More Football Fans Hit ESPN’s Mobile Site Than Its PC Pages,† Advertising Age, January 7, 2008, p. 7; Mike Shields, â€Å" ESPN, AOL Strike Web Video Deal,† Brandweek, April 8, 2008, accessed online at www. brandweek. com; Andrew Hampp, â€Å" ESPN Makes Jump to Major League,† Advertising Age, May 14, 2007, p. 32; Ronald Grover, â€Å" Comcast’s C- TV: Channeling Disney,† BusinessWeek. com, December 1, 2006; Jeffrey Trachtenberg, â€Å" ESPN’s Next Hurdle: Selling Its Audience on Books,† Wall Street Journal, February 13, 2 007; Jason Brown, â€Å" Out- of- Home TV Ads Finally Coming of Age,† Television Week, January 28, 2008, p. 12; also see www. espnmediazone. com. How to cite Espn, Essay examples

Enrollement Of Institutions Of Higher Education Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Registration in Institutions of Higher Education As the old ages go on, more and more pupils are inscribing in higher signifiers of instruction, including montages, institutes, proficient schools, and universities. This rise can be from the addition of pupils due to the growing of population, or the realisation of the importance of after high school instruction. The rise of pupils from 1992 to 1993 was from 281,000 pupils to 293,000 pupils, a 12,000 people addition. From 1993 to 1994, the rise was from 293,000 pupils to 295,000 pupils, a 2,000 people addition. Some of the concerns affected by the growing are building companies, staffs, cafeterias, school supplies, public transit, and countries of amusement. The building companies get concern by the incoming pupils. They get occupations constructing excess residence halls, category suites, cafeterias, and anything else the montages may necessitate. Besides, place proprietors can raise the monetary values of flats and houses because of the rise in the demand for a stopping point by campus place. We will write a custom essay sample on Enrollement Of Institutions Of Higher Education Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The school staffs are greatly affected by the addition of incoming pupils. More instructors will be hired, every bit good as keepers to maintain the campus a clean environment. Guidance counsellors and secretaries will besides be needed to maintain the school organized. The cafeterias in or around the campus will hold more clients every twenty-four hours, largely from the pupils who live in or around the campus. Students transposing to the school are more likely to non utilize the cafeterias around the school. lt ; /p > With the rise of pupils, the gross revenues of text books, pencils, book bags, and other mundane school supplies are likely to increase. This is great for the schools bookshops, the publication companies, the book writers, and big or little school and office shops in or around the campus. School supplies are a must in montage. Most pupils who live on campus do non hold a auto. Largely because of the most of parking, pupils use public transit such as trains, coachs, and cab cabs to acquire around. Besides, possibly countries of survey are in the metropolis where holding a auto is non every bit good as in suburban countries. Movie theatres, eating houses, and comedy nines will hold more clients from pupils who like to hold merriment. Besides bars, strip nines, and spirits shops will hold more concern from the montage pupil who likes to party and have fun. Many people gain from the addition of registration in establishments of higher instruction. All types of companies targeted on montage pupils will greatly increase clients. However, this is non good for merely the companies functioning montage pupils, this is great for montage pupils themselves. They receive an instruction that can give them a great start in life as an grownup. As a state, this addition helps out the United States of America by holding more educated people making new innovations, updating current merchandises, and by making new concerns. Besides, since many of the pupils will hold an instruction, they will most probably, non be the 1s involved in offenses such as burglaries and larcenies.

Show Boat Encouraging Tolerance

Introduction Show Boat refers to the 1927 musical with basically two acts. There is music with Jerome Kern, book as well as lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein.1 Indeed, Oscar Hammerstein’s satirical applications within the musical play Show Boat remains a historical landmark in the entertainment industry. It equally depicts and promotes the aspects of tolerance. Drawn from Edna Ferber’s legend novel with a similar name, this musical piece follows the lives of performers as well as stagehands.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Show Boat: Encouraging Tolerance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, it also follows the lives of the dock workers of the Cotton Blossom. Cotton Blossom refers to the Mississippi River show boat that existed for approximately a period of five decades. This was roughly from 1880 to 1927. A critical analysis of the musical play reveals very important prevailing themes such as racia l discrimination as well as tragic, enduring love. It is generally evident that the arrival of this musical play stirred the American musical community and has since remained remarkably recognized for its theatrical and satirical meanings with respect to tolerance. Even presently, there still remains a great interest in the analysis of this Oscar’s great master piece and its general relation to the normal life situation. This essay thus discusses how Oscar Hammerstein idealized and encouraged tolerance through the application of satire theatrically with his musical play, Show Boat. The Oscar Hammerstein’s Musical Play Show Boat From the analysis of the major themes of the musical play, it can be noted that Oscar Hammerstein satirically conveyed critical information regarding racial discrimination and tragic enduring love.2 Throughout the musical play, one realizes that Oscar tries to convey a message of survivorship and toil throughout one’s life. This, despite the racial prejudice issues amongst the population, is working aboard the Show Boat. Indeed, the arrival of this musical play shed more light and became a watershed moment for most artistes within the same industry. Relative to other seemingly trivial and impracticable artistic works and presentations at that time, the Show Boat remained a drastic departure within musical story-telling, combining spectacle with seriousness. Perhaps, its satirical presentation provided the chance for analysts to note its uniqueness from other previously existing musical plays during that moment. The full integration of song, humor as well production numbers to a solitary and inextricable artistic piece provided a hidden message of tolerance and motivation to the normal man. Particularly to the dock workers, this musical play provided a source of inspiration and encouragement making them strives to accomplish their tasks despite the hardships they were undergoing. Some notable discrimination included those based on racial prejudice.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ability of the musical play to motivate persons heartbroken and enhance their tolerance in daily life situations was also critical. Ideally, there is an observation that Hammerstein crafted this musical piece following a long time of observation and experience with the Show Boat. The quality of this musical play remained clear and outstanding even to the eyes of the potential critics. This vibrantly communicated the un ending message of striving to success and tolerance to success for the larlgey deprived and undermined within the society. The quality of the musical play vibrantly relayed a strong message of inspiration to the listeners. Unlike most musical plays, Show Boat seemed sentimental as well as tragic. Through this, the musical play managed to manipulate and touch people’s hearts with a sense of passion for tolerance even amidst hard times or moments. Its most unique feature as the first real American musical play was the ability to satirically convey messages against racial prejudice. This is a striking characteristic of the musical play that reached several hearts, particularly those who were racially discriminated during those periods. The general message here was to tolerate one another despite people’s differences. There is perhaps a lot to learn from the analysis of the plot synopsis of the musical play itself. It is seen that this story starts 47 years earlier, starting aboard a show boat, Cotton Blossom as it purposes to arrive as the river dock of the Mississippi.3 The period indicated here itself depicts a long time that can only be achieved by tolerant and patient people. It is clear how the boat is set to take a long period with people aboard. Indeed, through presented satirically, it is notable that the 47 years on board requires a potentially tolerable person. Oscar Hammerstein’s selection of the Show Boat and the Mississippi river satirically represents the hard working environment that the dockers usually underwent during their voyages. It represents the tough environment that must be overtaken and empowered by all the workers aboard. The musical notes themselves provide a sentimental and soothing feeling to the listeners or audience. They become encouraged by the prevailing mood and are gradually overtaken by a sensation and desire of attaining success even in hard times. Basically, this imparted tolerance and a sense of survivorship. The introduction of the play to the highly excited crowd is a clear indication of the love that the earlier audience had for the musical play. In the beginning of the musical play, the fight between the characters and the disagreements that seize by the end illustrates a sense of acceptance as well as tolerance amongst the different groups by all the partakers. Although it doesn’t em erge automatically, one keenly notices a sense of tolerance as well as the ability to reconcile amongst the key characters of the play.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Show Boat: Encouraging Tolerance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, another element of tolerance is demonstrated by the varied racial composition of the actors who frequently engage in fierce exchange and at times even fight over their differences.4 This is despite the fact that they are a singular community with an aim to achieve a definite goal t hat in the end is attained. The background songs remain critical in the inspiration of the audiences as w ell as characters during different hard situations as they interact with their mates. The musical play then begins, presenting a love tight and socially sensitive demonstration of a community unified by only one goal. Characters love and get loved with others heartbroken but still are adam ant to create a difference within the boat society and ensure they become more appreciated and valued by others.5 This aspect presents a literal message to the audience to try fitting into the society’s mainstream even in times of neglect and lost love. The presentation of the fight between the actors and branding of each with names based on shear discrimination such as â€Å"mulatto† satirically depicts the normal society and the intrigues involved in the daily lives. The segregation of a female actor, Julie at based on her race the beginning of the play during the fight represents the pain that one was likely to face during this time in America. However, the playwright comically presents another character, Steve, who has to swallow Julie’s blood. This act is a satirical move that shows tolerance of different groups since Steve comically admits that he is also a mulatto since he took at least â€Å"one drop of black blood† in him. The events that follow this comic presentation depict a critical theme upon a comprehensive analysis. To begin with, it is important to note the mood that prevails within the entire troupe just when Steve acknowledges the presence of black blood in him. It is observable that the whole troupe remains sympathetic and echoes his sentiments. This is a satirical presentation of tolerance with one another despite their inadequacies or circumstances. Every action purely drives home a pure presentation of critical message of tolerance and motivation to the audience. Seemingly, it is notable that there exist few literary sources elucidating the manner in which the audience received and articulated the satirical messages presented within the musical play. It is also observable that as the play continues, the formerly rather outrageous sheriff is forced to drop his arrest interests on Julie and Steve. This act presents a sense of tolerance with â€Å"deviants† as would be termed in that society then.Advertisi ng Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The sheriff’s ability to sympathize with Steve’s situation along with other troupe members compromises his ability to enforce law by arresting the two..the tolerance and acceptance of Steve to Julie is further demonstrated when he agrees to leave the town with Julie. Perhaps, this is with the realization that their further stay within the town or with the troupe is bound to cause more harm.6 The consequent hiring of Gaylord Ravenal who unfortunately loses his ticket worth in gambling demonstrates a great deal of empathy as well as tolerance. Andy, upon firing Pete, seems amused and sympathizes with Gaylord Ravenal and therefore offers him a job as the new leading man for the troupe. It is amazing how the demonstration of tolerance remains depicted in this noble action from Andy. That despite Gaylord Ravenal’s weird gambling behavior; he is still accommodated and given a new job in the troupe as the leading man. As if this is not enough, this follows after Steve and Julie are exempted of arrest by the sheriff. The following events enable Gaylord Ravenal and Magnolia to fall deeply in love as they finally tolerate one another and propose for marriage. Parthy’s objections towards this union can no longer work as the two seriously fall in love and proceed to marriage in Parthy’s absence. It is notable that Parthy became tolerable with their situation and could never do anything to stop the marriage. It is stated that she could not do anything despite her disapproval of Gaylord Ravenal. The musical play continues to demonstrate various instances of tolerance as the time passes over the years even in Gaylord Ravenal and Magnolia’s marriage. Magnolia is depicted as a persistent wife of Gaylord Ravenal. This is despite the fact that Gaylord Ravenal suffers financial crisis and is no longer capable of maintaining their daughter Kim as well as the wife. Obviously, one critically notices the tolerant nature of Magnolia through he r persistence in the marriage. It is obvious that Oscar Hammerstein throughout the musical play and within critical incidences satirically brings out the theme of tolerance with each other. This is evidently indicated in every conflict and union within the play. Magnolia herself is given a singing job in a New York club by her very friends so she can help herself financially after the husband shamefully abandons her and the daughter. In this move, the ability to accept one another and tolerate one’s situation is evidently illustrated again in the musical play. It is in this club where when Magnolia does her audition with the childhood song â€Å"Can’t Help Lovin Dat Man† that Julie’s memories are aroused.7 Julie, upon leaning the presence of Magnolia in the club and her situation, tactfully resigns from her position so that her childhood friend Magnolia can acquire the new position or job. It is however shocking that Magnolia though never realizes the sac rificial action and tolerance done to her by her childhood friend Julie. This obviously demonstrates a great sense of sacrifice as well as tolerance with one another. Conclusion Every character is able to sympathize with their friends and old acquaintances in difficult moments (Magee, 311). Later on during a new year’s eve, Andy rallies the crowd to Julie’s defense when she is overwhelmed by emotions and cannot effectively perform on stage. It is evident that such sacrifices make Magnolia a great musical star for two decades. Andy’s sacrificial nature and initiative for the reunion of broken marriages depicts a real sense of tolerance and devotion to the welfare of friends.8 Magnolia accepts Ravenal back despite his misdeed and individual guilt of disowning her with the child. Generally, the musical play ends in a joyous mood with unity and peace. Everyone is happy and sings to the same song and tune as they return to the show boat. Conclusively, Oscar Hammerste in’s musical play remains one of the most socially educative and sensitive ancient American plays, with a great satirical encouragement of tolerance to the audience. Bibliography Bradley, Edwin. The first Hollywood musicals: a critical filmography of 171 features, 1927 through 1932. New York: McFarland Co., 2004. Magee, Jeffrey. Irving Berlin’s American musical theater. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Stempel, Larry. Showtime: a history of the Broadway musical theater. New York Norton, 2010. Wolf, Stacy. Changed for good: a feminist history of the Broadway musical. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Footnotes 1 Jeffrey Magee, Irving Berlin’s American musical theater (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 11. 2 Stacy Wolf, Changed for good: a feminist history of the Broadway musical, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 12. 3 Larry Stempel, Showtime: a history of the Broadway musical theater (New York: Norton, 2010), 56. 4 Jeffrey Magee, Irv ing Berlin’s American musical theater (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 111. 5 Edwin Bradley, The first Hollywood musicals: a critical filmography of 171 features, 1927 through 1932 (New York: McFarland Co., 2004), 56. 6 Edwin Bradley, The first Hollywood musicals: a critical filmography of 171 features, 1927 through 1932 (New York: McFarland Co., 2004), 303. 7 Larry Stempel, Showtime: a history of the Broadway musical theater (New York: Norton, 2010), 314. 8 Edwin Bradley, The first Hollywood musicals: a critical filmography of 171 features, 1927 through 1932 (New York: McFarland Co., 2004), 307. This essay on Show Boat: Encouraging Tolerance was written and submitted by user Raphael Watts to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

dolls house essays

dolls house essays The play A Dolls House, written by Henrik Ibsen, was written during a time period where society thought it was ok to oppress women and treat them like property. In the play, the main story deals with a stereotypical middle class household and the values inside which relate directly to the values of the society during the time period. Nora, the main character in the story, is anticipating her husband getting a high paying job and living fairly wealthy in an upper class household with two kids. Nora has all the material objects she could want in her marriage, but lacks individual freedom and a husband who loves her like she loves him. The main theme in A Dolls House is how a woman breaks out of her role as a housewife that her husband gave her and becomes an individual. At the beginning of the story, Nora is portrayed as being weak minded and under the total control of her husband. By the end of the story, Nora breaks out of her role that she was playing and decides that she needs to leave her current life as a mother and wife and be the individual that she wants to be. At the beginning of the story, Noras character and personality is shown by Torvalds narrow views of women and her role as a good housewife and mother. Torvalds views on what a womans role in the household should be is a reflection of how women were treated in society during this particular time period. These views that Torvald had can be described by which he felt that women were helpless and that they need to rely on their husband and live the life that he would want her to have. In the beginning of the story, Nora is content with her husbands views and only wants to do what is correct according to the social standards on what a good housewife should be during this period in time. During this time in the story, Nora is very passive and faithful to her husband and it is evident that her only goal in her l ...

Richard Nixon Effects on the Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Richard Nixon Effects on the Vietnam War - Essay Example The first and foremost issue that confronted Nixon was the massive casualties that occurred on either sides of the war. Moreover the moral decays evidenced in the events of â€Å"My Lai Massacre†, â€Å"Green Beret Affair† and civilian cost in the operation â€Å"Speedy Express† infuriated the silent majority of the American to raise their voice against the war.1 But such a demand from the American mass posed a great dilemma for Nixon Government. On one hand Nixon had to retain the sublimity of the US image in the power politics in the international field during the rising tension of Cold War.2 But it was not possible through a quick Military withdrawal from war. On the other hand, he had to pacify the outraged mob who massively could contribute to his failure in the next election in case he failed to manage a decent way-out while retaining the sublimity of the US image. At home Nixon’s dilemma was -as it is said in â€Å"Richard M. Nixon - The Vietnam wa r† says- that â€Å"If his plan involved escalation, Democrats could charge that he was abandoning attempts to reach a peaceful solution and could point to mounting American casualties and prisoners of war. If he negotiated a solution that led to the fall of the government in Saigon, Democrats could charge that he had abandoned an ally†.3 Indeed this situation was reflected greatly and played crucial role in shaping Nixon’s policy for the Vietnam War. Now though Nixon became successful to retain his position in the Oval Office in the election of 1973 and also to retain the US big-brother image in international power politics, he failed, to a great extent, to help the war. But in return he had to turn the upside of the US foreign policy down by sacrificing America’s image as the savior of â€Å"Democracy†.4 Nixon’s offensive stance, the â€Å"Madman† doctrine seems to lie at the root of all these failures, because it can be convened tha t his defensive stance would have helped more the causes of South Vietnam to survive as a democratic state than the â€Å"Madman Doctrine† could do. What Started the War? The root of the Vietnam War dates back in the year 1955. An in-depth analysis of the war is essentially bound to yield the fact that the war fairly turns from the colonial struggle of the French into the war of the US democratic interest. From the viewpoint of the US Government the US involvement in the war was meant to prevent the proliferation of communism over South Vietnam. But as per the North Vietnamese people as well as the common Vietnamese’s view, the war was the Vietnamese struggle against the colonial power, which was initially fought against the French. But later it turned against South Vietnam that was backed by the US Army. During the Cold War after the Second World War, the US Foreign Policy Makers concentrated their attention to hold the US power on the regional politics in Asia. As a legacy of this policy, the Johnson Government grabbed the opportunity to strengthen its hold on South Vietnam. Obviously the propaganda behind the US Military reinforcement was that â€Å"non-communist South Vietnam was invaded by communist North Vietnam and that the United States came to the aid of the â€Å"democratic† regime in the South†.5 According to Pilger, the US reason to involve in the war is still vague because the US involvement

Manifestation of Various Forms of Citizenship in British Education Essay

Manifestation of Various Forms of Citizenship in British Education System Since 1944 - Essay Example However, the Callaghan suggestions underpin them all; whether the policy is social or right based they are all consumers and the success of each approach have a trickle effect to local as well as global economy. The term citizenship have a number of implications: it means to be a member of a particular political community or state. It implies that, one has certain rights and responsibilities that are defined in law, such as the right to vote, the responsibility to pay taxes among others. This type of citizenship is referred to as nationality. Citizenship can also refer to individual's involvement in public life and affairs- that is the behaviours and actions of a citizen. This type of citizenship is sometimes referred to as "active citizenship". This definition of citizenship applies to a number of activities. They include among other; voting in elections, standing for political office and having interest in current affairs. It widens its wing to capture the moral and behavioural expectations of being a citizen of a particular political community (Citizenship Foundation &DfES, 2004, Chap 1). According to Crick report, citizenship education should be included in the National Curriculum in order to educate the children the importance of knowing the rights of being a citizen and the role of a citizen in the society (Cric... tizenship education should be included in the National Curriculum in order to educate the children the importance of knowing the rights of being a citizen and the role of a citizen in the society (Crick, 1998). Social citizenship British education system manifests various forms of citizenships. Since 1944, Social citizenship has been the defining element in British education system policies characterized by a number of Acts of parliament and Circulars. The social citizenship was brought about in the 21st century as the British and most of capitalist states embraced the concept of welfare states after 1944. These welfare states systems brought a drastic and radical change to the paradigm of political, social and economic constraints of British citizens as well as many social institutions. The education system was not an exception. Welfare states since then have affected the citizens' choices in life by redistribution of resources which have so far opened and widened social opportunities and possibilities as noted by Twine. (Twine, F, 1994, p. 2). According to Wincott, post-war welfare state in Britain remained powerful. The welfare propagated by then stated that Citizens should have equal access to public services based on need not place of residence. However, he laments that Britain devolution policy led to the loss of initial status as an exemplary welfare state. The system failed to provide an adequate territorial framework for the development of social policy. Nevertheless, individual federal units in government have been championing the social citizenship in various sectors of the British society. The most conspicuous of these sectors where social citizenship is widely applicable is education sector. The British education policy hold that every citizen has a

Is There Really a Heaven Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is There Really a Heaven - Research Paper Example Christians believe that Heaven is the place where God and his angels reside (Bunyan 56). The life in this world is temporary and human beings will be able to continue their eternal life only after leaving this world. Heaven was taken from human beings because of disobedience of Adam and Eve and human beings will be able to be a part of Heaven after they spend a life on this earth by doing good deeds. Bible gives a detailed account of the presence of Heaven and Hell and as per the book, both Heaven and Hell exist and human beings will be placed in both as per their deeds in this world. Overall, it is stated that God keeps the whole right as to decide who is to go to Heaven and who to Hell. The decision depends on His mercy on humankind (Bunyan 68). Therefore, Christianity speaks of existence of Heaven. Like Christian religion, Islam also speaks about the existence of Heaven. There are a number of instances in Quran, where the readers can find mentioning of ‘Jannah’, the A rabic word for Heaven, which is indicative of the fact that Heaven exists as per Islamic religion (Masumian 129). Muslims believe that Heaven will be rewarded to those Muslims who will do good deeds and they will be able to enjoy the bounties of the Garden of Heaven while unbelievers will be thrown in the fire of Hell as a punishment for their ill doings. As per Islamic religion, human beings will be allowed to enter Heaven based on the comparison between good and ill deeds, if good deeds are more, the Muslim will be able to enter Heaven while if bad deeds are more, the Muslim will be sent to Hell. There are detailed physical representations of Heaven in Quran as a happy place, where there will be no sorrows (Masumian 134). Jewish religion gives a little account about Heaven and this information is not as elaborative as in Islam and Christianity. The readers can find the mentioning of an immortal soul that will be able go back to its Creator after leaving this earth (Moody 114). Tor ah, the Jewish book talks about resurrection and immortality but in actuality, there are no straightforward descriptions about the fate of people after vanishing from earth. There is no apparent or comprehensible assistance to the followers as what is the coming destiny as an afterlife (De Lange 85). However, the belief in the afterlife exists as well as in Heaven. Therefore, there is no negation of the concept of Heaven in Judaism as well. So, as per Jewish religion, Heaven exists. Human beings can never be perfect but God being forgiving and gracious allows them to enter Heaven forgiving their wrong deeds to some extent. Kvanvig (2008) says, â€Å"human beings are sinners, and that God justifies such human beings, i.e., grants them heaven in spite of their not deserving it.† A Heaven exists where human beings will be assessed in terms of their performed deeds and God will decide for their destiny in Heaven or Hell. According to Kvanvig (2008), Heaven is a place of reward wh ile Hell is a place for punishment. The existence of Heaven as well as Hell cannot be negated. People if asked about their belief in Heaven give mixed opinions and it can be seen that those who prioritize religion mostly believe in existence of Heaven (Moody 64). However, those having shaking belief in religion or having no belief at all, think that Heaven is an imaginary place, which cannot exist in reality. Even critics have mixed

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nuclear Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nuclear Energy Environmental Sciences Essay Nuclear energy is a thriving global industry. Nowadays, there are a total of 435 nuclear power plants in the world. This source energy is not yet used in Malaysia. Nuclear energy can generate electricity by Fission process at the power plant. Its also said that nuclear energy only used a little fuel of uranium only but it can produce high electricity output. In such way, it can benefit our country in term of produce electricity as the government must take precaution about the decreases of supply of non renewable energy that extensively used in Malaysia. Hydroelectric is a renewable energy in Malaysia that produce high power capacity. It produced electricity from the flow of lake or streams. It will give the kinetic energy as the water flows downward very fast. So the kinetic energy has been converted to mechanical by the turbine. From the turbine, it will produce electricity. Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) operates three hydroelectric in peninsular Malaysia which its sum generating power capacity is 1911 megawatts (MW) and operates with a total of 21 dams. The largest hydroelectric power system in Malaysia is at Bakun on the Balui River in Sarawak. It can generate power capacity as high as 2400 MW which is double of power capacity supply in peninsular Malaysia. Coal is a fossil fuel created from plant trapped underground for millions of years without being in contact to air. Because of its nature of long term of produce, it is classified as a non-renewable energy source. Coal is mainly consists of carbon atoms that come from plant material from ancient swamp forests. There are many types of coal. Some contain dangerous material such as sulphur that pollutes the atmosphere further when they burn that will cause to acid rain. Anthracite, bituminous coal, lignite, and sub-bituminous coal are all different types of coal that are used nowadays. [1] In Malaysia, there are 5 generating coal power stations. Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Power station is the largest coal power station which its produce 2420 MW. In some research, It said that coal will last supply for the power energy at least for the next century.So our government must take precaution above this matter by bring in other energy sources in Malaysia. Oil is our primary source nowadays. For the time being, the increase of oil price has become a big issue in Malaysia. This will affect the price of TNB tariff in the long term as many of the power station use oil to produce energy. This matter will become serious if the fuel price keeps increasing. Oil plants in Malaysia are widely used in Sabah as the total Oil plant around Malaysia is five. Most of the power plants in Sabah use diesel engines to running their system. Gelugor Power system is the only one oil plant in peninsular Malaysia. It can produce around 398MW of generating power. In Malaysia, Gas energy Plant is widely used. Like oil and coal, gas is found underground, it from the million years of heat and pressure that being applied to the underground that can caused them to change to crude oil and natural gas. There is about 21 gas energy plant in Malaysia that can produce generating power from 100MW to 1500MW. Tuanku Jaafar Power system is the highest generating power system in Malaysia as it can produce 1500 MW of power Gas is a non renewable energy so the supply of gas maybe limited nowadays. Its also said that gas contributes a large amount of carbon dioxide that can be harmful to greenhouse warming. Biomass provides heat and energy. We can use many sources of biomass such plants, landfill fumes, agriculture, forest residues and also from the waste of industries and cities. In such ways, it not also minimizes the cost but it also reduces pollution to the environment. Biomass produce energy by basically burning organic matter to released its chemical energy. Using biomass energy contributes CO2 when burned but the carbon dioxide being recaptured and used by other plants. We can create electricity from biomass by direct fired, co firing, gasification and anaerobic digestion. There are nine biomass power plants in Malaysia. Likes Oil power plants, Biomass energy is widely used in Sabah. Many of biomass power plants empty fruit bunch as their fuel. Although biomass a renewable energy, it can only produce small power capacity.[1] DISCUSSION NUCLEAR POWER IN MALAYSIA Malaysian government announced that Malaysia is considering having Nuclear power plant by 2021. As the coal power plant has the limit supply of coal, and the price fossil fuel keep increasing, this was the best way to generate power that meet our country energy demand. Green Technology and Water Minister Peter Chin Fah Kui said that our main renewable energy, which is hydroelectric also have a problem of limited land to building a dam for hydro power plant. So the drastic way to overcome this entire problem is to build a costly but efficient nuclear power plant. According to the minister, the safety of power plant would be the high priority on building this technology. [2] How Nuclear Energy Works Nuclear energy is produced naturally under a human control. A nuclear power plant uses steam to generate the power plant. Uranium is the main aspect to produce a steam. Nuclear reaction occurs when uranium atoms split into small particles that can produce large amount of heat during the chain reaction. It will release around 3 neutrons and can produce a large of energy during the fission. This chain reaction will continue until uranium is split. Figure 1 shows fission of Uranium 235. [3] Figure 1 show Fission of Uranium 235 Fission process will occur in the fuel assemblies in the reactor core. Control rods are used to absorb neutrons to control the fission process. In order to keep the heat flowing efficiently, each power plant will have their coolant device that prevent the core becoming too hot and carries heat away. The piping of steam will run through the turbine in order to create electricity. Fission process can produce radioactive, It is important to have a barrier that can protect the release of radioactivity. Nuclear power plant is said to be under human control because it constantly monitored and controlled from a control room by highly trained engineered. It also has a backup system designed if the normal operation is disrupted. Figure 2 shows schematic figure of nuclear power plant. [4] Figure 2 shows schematic of nuclear power plant ADVANTAGES Environmental effect Nuclear energy has the lowest effect on the environment, Its because that the nuclear plants do not produce harmful gases. The water from the power plant also contains no harmful pollutants. Main aspect of Environmental safety of nuclear energy is it does not burn anything to produce electricity compared to other power plant such coil, oil and gas that can produce CO2 as it can increased concentration of greenhouse that responsible for climate change. For example, A 1000MW coal plant produce 44000 tonnes of sulphur oxides and 22000 tonnes of nitrous oxide and also 500 000 tonnes of solid waste that can be harmful to the atmosphere environment compared to the nuclear energy that doesnt produce any noxious gases .Nuclear energy will reduce about 5-10% greenhouse gases reduction by the time of 10 years. Cost Nuclear energy is very cost effective compared to the renewable energy such wind, hydro or solar. It uses Uranium as fuel. Main aspect is it use it can produce huge amount of energy in such a small amount of uranium. Uranium is highly concentrated source which is very cheap and easy transportable. For example, One kilogram Uranium will yield 20 000 times as much energy compare to the same amount of coal.[5] Supply Research said that Coal sufficient for some 300 years, natural gas for 60 years and oil for 40 years. The development of Nuclear power would be a drastic change for this problem. It was known that Uranium would last long for around 50 years, but recycling the plutonium from spent fuel would increase the potential of uses this technology as long as 3000 years at todays level of use. As we know, the consumption of fuel (uranium) of uses this technology is very small but the electricity produce are very high which is the main advantage of this technology.[6] Safety Since the tragedy of Chernobyl and three miles island, the safety of nuclear power plant had been improved. All nuclear power plant needs to be at maximum safety avoid major accidents. Nowadays, the design of newest nuclear reactor has applied the concept of negative feedback loop. This new technology ensures that nuclear power become harder to squeeze. In such ways, nuclear chain reaction that can lead to a explosion almost impossible to happen. So this technology had overcome the safety problem that always been worried by people around the world. DISADVANTAGE Environmental effect Nuclear waste is the main disadvantage in nuclear power energy. After many years of research, the world still has no exact solution to safely dispose the nuclear waste. Nuclear waste nowadays is stored in a disposal site. The problem is Plutonium takes a hundred thousand of years to be no longer radioactive. So the storage site may be full before the plutonium become inactive. In instant, plutonium are very dangerous as it is highly toxic and also can be used to make bomb.[7] Cost Although the price of uranium is cheap, the cost to construct Nuclear power plant is very expensive compared to the other source of power plant. It uses highly expensive technologies. The total cost to use the nuclear technology include construction, safety, insurance and liability in case of accidents or being attack which is can cause to mass destruction and also the cost of nuclear waste Nuclear Proliferation As we know, nuclear technology used a lot of uranium that can be converted to weapons production. Nowadays, there are more than 40 countries used this technology have a big risk about nuclear proliferation. The hazard of nuclear power includes the risk of disaster like nuclear reactor disaster in Chernobyl which hotly debated in the internet. The other problem is also the risk of terrorism and sabotage which can cause mass destruction. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN MALAYSIA Hydropower and biomass are commonly used of renewable energy in Malaysia. After an increasing price of fuel, lack of supply of coal, environmental problem and limited land in building dam for a hydropower, its a sufficient way if Malaysia take a step to develop a new type of renewable energy such wind and solar. Renewable energy plays a big role in supplying electricity in Malaysia as it also reduces the issue of global warming. Since Malaysia is located in equatorial region which receiving average of 8 hours of sunshine, its better for Malaysia government to implement solar technology in Malaysia. Nowadays, solar technology in our country is only use in rural area. For instant, Malaysia actually has built their first solar power station in Tropical Village of Kampung Denai.[8] Many citizens nowadays also use solar photovoltaic application as their water heater in their home. This shows that solar technology is no longer a new technology in Malaysia. Its better if our government to t ake opportunity to build a mega solar power supply in our country to overcome the problem of environmental effect if using non renewable energy such coil and oil. COMPARISON BETWEEN NUCLEAR ENERGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY Safety The main difference is renewable energy doesnt have the tendency to create a military weapon the way the nuclear energy does. For instant, a sabotage of nuclear power plant would release a large amount of radioactive which is very harmful to human. Theres no type of renewable energy that can be used as weapon of mass destruction. Supply Renewable energies have very limitless source. It stated that nuclear energy can long last about 3000 years more because of the uranium supply is larger enough and also because of the ability of recycling plutonium. Both of this source energy has the long term of supply which would be the main factor of using this source. Environment Renewable energy is absolutely environmental friendly. Nuclear energy also doesnt produce any noxious gas which can increase the concentration of greenhouse problem or global warming. But the problem of using nuclear energy is to deal with the nuclear waste. Nuclear waste radioactive remains for hundred thousand of years. Until now, any of the world government body doesnt have the solution to solve this problem. Cost Nuclear power is more expensive compare with renewable energy. Even though we know that nuclear power plant only use little fuel (uranium) means little cost in term of supply but other cost like construction, safety, and waste are yet highly expensive. Solar energy is very affordable and very appropriate for our country as Malaysia gets a good sunlight each year. This could be the main advantage of using this technology. CONCLUSION Energy sources that are sustainable, environmental friendly and cost effective would be the main factor of choosing source energy. Renewable energy can achieve the sustainable we need. Renewable energy supplies 19% of energy and nuclear energy only supply 16% of world electricity.[9] Renewable energy not only have limitless source, its also easily organize and absolutely no risk to human and global. Nuclear energy maybe has its own advantage but the dangerous of nuclear waste has overcome all the benefit of nuclear energy. Theres still a big problem about the radioactive effect that can be harmful to human. So the investment on building nuclear power plant energy would be not a good option.

The European Monetary Union (EMU) - The Euro as a Single Currency Essay

The European Monetary Union (EMU) - The Euro as a Single Currency Liberalizing trade is nothing new to the world, but we have never witnessed such a vast economic integration between sovereign countries like the integration carried out in the European Union. Customs duties between European countries started to come down steadily in the early 1950s and were abolished in 1968 with the introduction of a customs union and the implementation of the common external tariff. The official proclamation of the single market on 1 January 1993 marked the ending of non-tariff barriers to trade between Member States. European Monetary Union will make it possible to complete European economic integration. The introduction of a single currency will mean price transparency, that is prices of goods can be directly compared on the markets of the participating Member States, which will merge into one market. Obstacles to trade such as the transaction costs, which add up to 0.4% of the EU GDP per year, and the exchange risk, will be eliminated. The competitive positions of companies can no longer be established by exchange-rate movements but will reflect productivity, inflation and cost differentials. This should permit a better allocation of capital and of available resources. The member countries will also be able to save administrative costs used for hedging operations. Over and above its positive effects on price stability and public finances, the single currency will make it possible to complete the single market and increase the benefits, which have already flowed from it. Monetary Union will create an area within which national financial markets will become an integrated, wider and more flexible market. Financial institutions and financial centers will face new competitive conditions. The size of a specific national market will lose its significance. Competition will increase and could lead to greater harmonization across the euro area. The introduction of the euro will have a great impact on the financial sector. This is because of three main reasons: Â · The European System of Central Banks will be operating the single monetary policy in euro. So, it will be necessary for financial institutions to be able to operate in euro. Â · Governments will issue all new debt in euro. Therefore, financial institutions, payment systems and clearing ... ...ch the problems associated with the changeover to the euro will be resolved. Second, the national currencies of the EMU members are no longer independent. They are fixed to the euro. A speculation between currencies of the member states is pointless because this is equal to speculation with a currency of the same type. The introduction of the euro in 1999 was an event, anticipated for a long time. Following, the euro has faced some problems due to the transaction period, but there is a strong belief that these problems will be easily overcome as the young currency accumulates power. Now that, the euro has become the official currency of the European Union (with some exceptions) there will be no more national currencies of the member states. In this way, we become witnesses of the highest level of integration among independent nations in the world history, when the European Union is expected to become the leader in the world economy. Bibliography: 1. Kreinin, International Economics, 1991, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 2. Cecchini, The European Challenge, 1992, Wildwood House 3. European Central Bank’s web site: http://www.ecb.int 4. EMU official web site: http://www.emu.int

Media and A Doll’s House

Nora and Media are very different and also similar. Both Nora and Media are in powerless marriages. They both end up with the power at the end of the play. Nora leaves her husband but Jason leaves Media. Media handles this situation differently than Nora. Media uses that fact that she is a woman and her weakness to her advantage. Media is much more manipulative than Nora; however Nora lies so more than Media. Nora must be a different person around Torvald. Mrs. Linde, Dr. Rank and Krogstad are the only people that she can be the person who she really is. Media also had to pretend who she really was. Media pretends that she doesn’t have magic and that she is Greek until she acts out her revenge. Media has magical powers and Nora is an average middle class wife. Although they both are mothers, Nora loves her children more than Media loves her children. Nora loves her children so much that she would die for them. She is concerned about how her choices and how they will affect her children. Media cares more about her revenge on Jason than her children, which is why she killed them at the end of the play. Nora is looking for sympathy, but when Media gets sympathy she yells and says that it makes her sick. The titles of the plays have different meanings as well. The title of â€Å"A Doll’s House† represents a theme throughout the play and is important in the last scene of the play. The title â€Å"Media† is like most romantics where the main character is the title of the play. The play â€Å"Media† was radical just like â€Å"A Doll’s House†. Both plays said things that the audience would be offended by. In media it was that she was a foreigner who manipulated their king and killed him. In â€Å"A Doll’s House† it shows the life of an average middle class family and it uses language that was not used in plays. The writing in the two plays is different. â€Å"Media† is like an epic; it talks about far off lands, there are long monologues, magic, and the language is poetic. â€Å"A Doll’s House† is a realistic play. The situations are real and they happen to real people. Also the characters are real. The language is different too. In â€Å"A Doll’s House† the characters speak in sentence fragments and incomplete sentences. The characters in â€Å"A Doll’s House† portray average middle class people even though they might be radical. Even though the plays are quite different they are rather similar as well.

Free Essays on Juveniles

Are juveniles as under control today as they were in the past? Crime plays a major role in today’s society. The government follows the policy and has always followed the policy that no crime goes unpunished. The controversy that surrounds the United States courtrooms today is whether or not a minor needs to stand trial as an adult for committing a serious offense. These decisions made by the judge or jury in the preliminary hearing affect the rest of the suspects’ life. The opposing argument to the issue of juveniles being tried as adults; remains that the minor is too young and immature to understand the consequences of what he or she did wrong. Juveniles need to be punished according to the severity of the crime in which they committed. Ultimately, juveniles should stand trial as adults. The opposition believes that holding court cases where juveniles remain tried as adults undoubtedly violates the rights of the juvenile. Initially, the age of a person when the alleged crime occurred decides whether or not he or she will be tried as a juvenile. "Definitions of who is a juvenile vary for different purposes within individual states as well as among different states" (Rosenheim 36). Children, ages seven to seventeen, who are suspected of crime, must be treated as children in need of guidance and encouragement, and not as vicious criminals (Emerson 6). Also, the opposition feels that the juvenile cannot accept full responsibility for his or her actions. Some people insist that each minor who committed a crime was influenced in some way or another (Emerson 8). Not only does the opposition believe that the minor was influenced, but they also believe that the juvenile was not able to control his or herself (Emerson 8). In addition, juveniles have not yet reached the necessary maturity level to share a prison amongst other adults. Minors, isolated for punishment, do not deserve this radical treatment (Staff Report C13). Numero... Free Essays on Juveniles Free Essays on Juveniles Are juveniles as under control today as they were in the past? Crime plays a major role in today’s society. The government follows the policy and has always followed the policy that no crime goes unpunished. The controversy that surrounds the United States courtrooms today is whether or not a minor needs to stand trial as an adult for committing a serious offense. These decisions made by the judge or jury in the preliminary hearing affect the rest of the suspects’ life. The opposing argument to the issue of juveniles being tried as adults; remains that the minor is too young and immature to understand the consequences of what he or she did wrong. Juveniles need to be punished according to the severity of the crime in which they committed. Ultimately, juveniles should stand trial as adults. The opposition believes that holding court cases where juveniles remain tried as adults undoubtedly violates the rights of the juvenile. Initially, the age of a person when the alleged crime occurred decides whether or not he or she will be tried as a juvenile. "Definitions of who is a juvenile vary for different purposes within individual states as well as among different states" (Rosenheim 36). Children, ages seven to seventeen, who are suspected of crime, must be treated as children in need of guidance and encouragement, and not as vicious criminals (Emerson 6). Also, the opposition feels that the juvenile cannot accept full responsibility for his or her actions. Some people insist that each minor who committed a crime was influenced in some way or another (Emerson 8). Not only does the opposition believe that the minor was influenced, but they also believe that the juvenile was not able to control his or herself (Emerson 8). In addition, juveniles have not yet reached the necessary maturity level to share a prison amongst other adults. Minors, isolated for punishment, do not deserve this radical treatment (Staff Report C13). Numero... Free Essays on Juveniles Overrepresentation of minorities in the juvenile justice system is well established. On a national level, minority youths are arrested in numbers greatly disproportionate to their numbers in the general population. While black youths comprise approximately 15% of the ten to seventeen year old populations at risk for delinquency, recent figures indicate that they constitute approximately 28% of youths arrested (Engen; et al.). Further, according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention's "Children in Custody" census, minority overrepresentation increases dramatically as one moves beyond arrest to later stages in processing. For example, minorities constitute approximately 62% of youths held in short-term detention facilities, and approximately 60% of those committed to "deep end" long-term institutional programs (Engen; et al.). Quite apart from issues related either to the extent or causes of differential minority involvement in crime, a number of researchers have expressed concern about whether the juvenile justice system operates with a selection bias that differentially disadvantages minority youths. Race Effects in Juvenile Justice Decision-Making: Findings of a Statewide Analysis This study was divided into two parts. In Part I, the researchers reported the findings of quantitative analyses conducted using official records of cases processed through the juvenile justice system in Florida. In Part II, they supplemented and provided a basis for a more detailed interpretation of the quantitative findings, drawing upon in-depth interviews with system insiders- juvenile judges, state's attorneys, public defenders, and social service personnel. Data for the quantitative portions of this study were obtained from the Client Information System maintained by Florida's Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services. The data set includes the total population of youths referred for juvenile intake proc...

The dark side of Dubai

The dark side of Dubai Introduction In response to an article written on Dubai by Jonathan Hari and published online on 07th April, 2009 by â€Å"The Independent,† Sultan Sooud Al Qassemi published a rejoinder on 10th April 2009 in which he not only disparages Hari’s style but also his professionalism and motivating factor (Qassemi, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The dark side of Dubai specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this essay, I will show that while the two journalists definitely have clear distinction in their approach towards influencing their readership and in their attitude towards their subject matter, certain similarities and differences can still be drawn between them and their articles. Discussion Hari’s article seeks to portray Dubai as a city state whose size and prosperity was achieved in a period so short as to be considered unreal (Hari, 2009). He shows its growth is sustained by consumerism and unsustainable economic and environmental practices; and most importantly, he portrays it as a sweatshop whose growth relies on the exploitation of immigrants in a classic case of modern day slavery. Qassemi, in his rejoinder, seeks to call Hari’s intentions into question and query his credibility, professionalism, honesty and fairness. Thus, he questions his alleged overgeneralization of otherwise possibly isolated cases of maltreatment of immigrant laborers; and to show that similar problems to those that Dubai face are to be found everywhere including in established western cities such as London itself. Differences The first major difference between the works of the two journalists is that while Hari adopts a direct approach to his exploration of the dark side of Dubai, Qassemi favors a more implicit way of achieving his goals. He hides behind the veil of a theoretical situation in order to achieve his criticism of the city of London. For instance, he starts on the many hypothetical problems he might have chosen to tarnish London which had not come to his senses by stating â€Å"say for example that I had written an article that states that, in wealthy first world Britain there are 380,000 homeless people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Qassemi, 2009). This allows him to both highlight London’s problems, a city he claims to love, while portraying his sensibility in refusing to exploit them. Hari on the other hand is explicit and leaves one little doubt regarding his intentions from the outset. For instance, he writes regarding the popular notion that Dubai owes its existence to the sheikh: â€Å"but this is a lie. The sheikh did not build this city. It was built by slaves. They are building it now† (Hari, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second difference between the two writers is that while Hari leans towards the New Journalism by refusing to report impersonally and instead infusing his opinions into his work and using the opinions and emotions of his interviewees to prove his point, Qassemi tends to be more traditional especially regarding the statistical and objective nature of his sources. For instance, Hari writes regarding a deserted hotel: â€Å"standing in the middle, there is a giant shining glass structure that looks like the intestines of every guest who has ever stayed at the Atlantis† (Hari, 2009). This is clearly his subjective impression of the hotel. One of his interviewees, Karen, says about Dubai: â€Å"this isnt a city; its a con-job. They lure you in telling you its one thing – a modern kind of place – but beneath the surface its a medieval dictatorship† (Hari, 2009). Qassemi on the other hand tactfully chooses to use hard statistics in highlighting London’s problems. He at times goes even further to cite credible sources to aid his argument. In one apt example, he writes: â€Å"or that according to Oxfam 13.2 million people in the UK live in poverty; a staggering 20 per cent of the population in the sixth richest nation in the world† (Qassemi, 2009). In doing so, Qassemi is able to paint Hari as subjective and therefore make his proposition that Hari is sensational more plausible. Similarities The most obvious similarity between Qassemi’s and Hari’s work regards their intentions for writing the articles. Both intended to disparage their subject matter: Hari intended to vilify Dubai in its treatment of its low cadre immigrant labor force while Qassemi’s objective was to discredit Hari along with western journalists of his ilk. Further consideration of the motivation behind these articles reveals a more fundamental similarity: that both journalists are plagued by fixed mindsets regarding their subject matter. To begin with, Hari’s complete refusal to acknowledge the great historical fea t that Dubai represents, coupled with his complete disregard of the contribution and opinion of the technicians, investors, engineers and many other technocrats who made Dubai a possibility is very obvious. This blindness to even the slightest positive aspect to Dubai gives the reader the notion that Hari was probably incapable of perceiving any possible positivity relating to Dubai as the result of a deeply ingrained mindset regarding the city state. This is further aggravated by his tone and diction. It hints at a journalist who went into the field, not to find the truth but to prove a certain notion true. This is the reason that this article lacks balanceAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on The dark side of Dubai specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Qassemi isn’t innocent of this mindset problem regarding his subject matter either. While he would like to paint Hari as quick to make generalizations, he begins his a rticle with such a generalization himself: â€Å"I recently figured that if British journalists such as Johann Hari (Tuesday, 7 April) who come to Dubai dont send back something sensationalist it wont get printed and they wont get paid. After all, sleaze sells† (Qassemi, 2009). His mindset regards the work of western journalists. He regards them all as subjective and as motivated by a need to come with unreal sensational pieces in order to get published. He relates how he told this to a British journalist: â€Å"Im going to write an article about London, the same way your compatriots write about Dubai† (Qassemi, 2009). His use of hard statistics notwithstanding, Qassemi still finds himself using them to validate a subjective attitude regarding western journalism. Conclusion It is clear that while the two articles may have employed different approaches, they both were informed by similar attitudes and mindsets. This is in spite of the fact that these are the same attitu des that Qassemi wanted to bring to light. References Hari, J. (2009). The dark side of Dubai. The Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/ Qassemi, S. (2009). If you think Dubai is bad, just look at your own country. The  Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/sultan-sooud-al-qassemi-if-you-think-dubai-is-bad-just-look-at-your-own-country-1666748.html